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Why Does No One Like Reading My Fanfic

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Type of fiction created by fans of the original subject

Fan fiction or fanfiction (also abbreviated to fan fic, fanfic, fic or ff) is fictional writing written in an amateur capacity by fans, unauthorized by, merely based on an existing work of fiction. The author uses copyrighted characters, settings, or other intellectual properties from the original creator(due south) every bit a basis for their writing. Fan fiction ranges from a couple of sentences to an entire novel, and fans can both keep the creator's characters and settings and/or add their own. It is a form of fan labor. Fan fiction can be based on whatsoever fictional (and occasional non-fictional) subject. Mutual bases for fan fiction include novels, movies, musical groups, cartoons, anime, manga, and video games.

Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the original work's creator or publisher and is rarely professionally published. It may borrow on the original author'due south copyright, depending on the jurisdiction and on legal questions such equally whether or not it qualifies as "fair use" (see Legal issues with fan fiction). Attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works to fan fiction take ranged from indifference to encouragement to rejection. Copyright owners have occasionally responded with legal action.

The term came into utilise in the 20th century every bit copyright laws began to delineate between stories using established characters that were authorized by the copyright holder and those that were not.[ane]

Fan fiction is defined past being related to its bailiwick's canonical fictional universe, either staying within those boundaries but not being of the canon itself, or else branching outside of it into an culling universe.[ii] Thus, what is "fanon" is separate from what is canon. Fan fiction is often written and published within circles of fans, and therefore would unremarkably not cater to readers who take no cognition of the original fiction.

Definition [edit]

The term fan fiction has been used in impress equally early as 1939; in this earliest known citation, it is used in a disparaging mode to refer to amateurish scientific discipline fiction (as opposed to "pro fiction").[3] The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia, an encyclopedia of fandom jargon. It is divers there equally "fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". The book as well mentions that the term is "sometimes improperly used to hateful fan scientific discipline fiction, that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan mag".[iii] [4]

History [edit]

Earlier copyright [edit]

Before the adoption of copyright in the modern sense, it was not unusual for authors to copy characters, if not entire plots. For case, Shakespeare'due south plays Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado Nearly Nothing, Othello, As You Similar It and The Winter'southward Tale were all based on relatively recent fiction by other authors.[five]

19th century [edit]

Among 19th-century literature subject to notable depictions not initially authorized by the original author, is included Bram Stoker's Dracula 's delineation in the translated adaptation Powers of Darkness.[6] The works of Jane Austen remain i of the well-nigh popular works to make unauthorized depictions of,[seven] with one notable Jane Austen fan fiction being Old Friends and New Fancies. Many unauthorized stories of Sherlock Holmes past Arthur Conan Doyle accept been created, including The Chance of the 2 Collaborators by J. Grand. Barrie.[8] Also created has been The Space Machine based on The War of the Worlds and Morlock Night based on The Time Machine by H. G. Wells; A New Alice in the Quondam Wonderland based on Alice'south Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll; and Wide Sargasso Sea based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte.[9]

Star Expedition fandom [edit]

The Star Trek fanzine Spockanalia contained the first fan fiction in the modern sense of the term.

The modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined via Star Trek fandom and their fanzines published in the 1960s. The starting time Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia (1967), contained some fan fiction; many others followed its example.[10] : 1 These fanzines were produced via starting time printing and mimeography, and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to help recoup costs. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women dominated fan fiction authoring; 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female past 1970, and 90% by 1973.[eleven] One scholar states that fan fiction "make full[s] the need of a mostly female audition for fictional narratives that expand the purlieus of the official source products offered on the telly and movie screen."[12]

World Broad Web [edit]

Fan fiction has go more than popular and widespread since the advent of the Earth Wide Web. According to 1 estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all content well-nigh books on the web.[13] In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet group electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction likewise equally fan discussion. Online, searchable fan fiction archives were also established. The online archives were initially non-commercial mitt-tended and fandom, or topic, specific. These archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the not-for-profit site FanFiction.Net came online, which immune anyone to upload content in any fandom.[14] The ability to cocky-publish fan fiction at an easily attainable common archive that did not crave insider noesis to join, and the ability to review the stories direct on the site, became pop quite apace.[15] One popular example of modern fan fiction is E. 50. James' Fifty Shades of Grey. This series was originally written as fan fiction for the Twilight series of books and movies and played off the characters of Bella and Edward. In society to non infringe on copyright issues, James changed the character names to Ana and Christian for the purposes of her novels,[xvi] which is a practise known as 'pulling-to-publish'.[17] Anna Todd'due south 2013 fan fiction Later about the English boy ring I Direction secured a book and movie deal with renamed characters in 2014.[18] [19] The pic After was released on Apr 12, 2019.

On May 22, 2013, the online retailer Amazon.com established a new publishing service, Kindle Worlds. This service enabled fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for brusk fiction ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 words. However, this arrangement includes restrictions on content, copyright violations, poor certificate formatting, and employ of misleading titles.[20] Amazon shut down Kindle Worlds in August 2018.[21]

Japanese dōjinshi [edit]

A similar trend in Japan also began appearing around the 1960s and 1970s, where independently published manga and novels, known as dōjinshi, are frequently published by dōjin circles; many of these dōjinshi are based on existing manga, anime, and video game franchises. Manga authors like Shotaro Ishinomori and Fujiko Fujio formed dōjin groups such as Fujio'southward New Manga Party ( 新漫画党 , Shin Manga-tō ). At this time, dōjin groups were used by artists to make a professional debut. This changed in the coming decades with dōjin groups forming every bit school clubs and the like. This culminated in 1975 with the Comiket in Tokyo.

Demographics [edit]

In a study done in 2010, it was constitute that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed for the website to disembalm their location. Information technology was found that 57% of accounts originated from the United states of america, followed by ix.ii% created in the United Kingdom, 5.6% in Canada and iv% in Australia.[22]

More recently, a 2020 study of Archive Of Our Own users[23] found that of the surveyed profiles which stated a nationality, 59.seven% were located in North America, 16.i% were in Keen United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland with an additional 10% otherwise located in Mainland Europe, 6.3% were in Oceania, ii.viii% were Scandinavian, 2.two% were in Asia, one.8% were in South America and the Caribbean, and 0.two% were in the Middle East. This study did not include profiles written in Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, or Turkish, which may affect these demographics.[23]

Sexual practice and gender [edit]

A 2020 study looking at Harry Potter fan fiction writers on AO3 found that of users who disembalm their gender in their profiles, 50.4% are female or femme-leaning and 13.4% are masculine or masc-leaning. eleven% of users disembalm that they are transgender, and over 21% are nonbinary, genderfluid, and/or genderqueer, with an additional 3.nine% indicating that they are agender or genderless.[23]

Age [edit]

Overwhelmingly, fan fiction writers appear to be in their early- to mid-20s. Demographics take been assessed as being 56.vii% academy students and other immature adults, while 21.3% annals equally being xxx years and older. 0.two% specify that they are of retirement age; teenagers brand upwardly the remaining nineteen.8%.[23]

Categories and terms [edit]

Genres [edit]

In add-on to the "regular" list of genres, there are a few genres which are closely associated with fan fiction. These genres tin can overlap and include:

Angst [edit]

A story with an angst-ridden mood centered on a graphic symbol/characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish.

Alternative universe (AU) [edit]

"What if ..." fan fiction featuring characters prepare in a universe other than their canonical ane.[24] There are multiple types of alternative universe settings: an culling universe may make dramatic alterations to the setting (for instance, a "Fantasy AU" that places characters from a non-fantasy canon into a world of magic); it may alter characterization (oftentimes referred to merely as someone existence "Out of Grapheme" (OOC) rather than an AU proper); or it may change major plot events to suit the author's purposes (see, for example, "Fix-Information technology Fic").[25]

Crossover [edit]

Works featuring characters, items, and/or set pieces from multiple fandoms. This is besides called "Fusion Fic" if the two worlds are merged into one.

Soulmates [edit]

The "Soulmate AU" is a popular genre that envisions characters in a world, often very similar to canon, where soulmates are demonstrably real. Common mechanics for soulmates include each person having the proper noun of their soulmate written on their pare at birth, or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates run into or impact each other for the first time. The most mutual trope in this genre is one graphic symbol existence convinced they don't have/want/deserve a soulmate, only to be proven wrong as they autumn in dear over the course of the fic.[26]

Time travel AU [edit]

A story in which ane of the characters is sent back in time to become a 2d chance with knowledge of the original plot. This is besides chosen the "Peggy Sue", after the movie Peggy Sue Got Married, in which this happens to the titular character. This term may have fallen into decay due to its similarity to "Mary Sue".

"Groundhog Day", named after the picture show, is a variation of this trope, in which the time travel happens repeatedly (typically until the fourth dimension-traveling graphic symbol "gets it right").

Darkfic [edit]

Stories that are considerably more than grim or depressing than the original, ofttimes in deliberate contrast to the approved work(s). Not all stories tagged as "night" count as darkfic. This is sometimes done with fandoms that are meant to be light-hearted or for children.[27] Darkfic tin also refer to content that is "intentionally agonizing" (i.due east. physical/emotional violence or abuse).

Fix-it fic [edit]

A counterpart to darkfic, or perhaps its supergenre, set up-it fic refers to stories which rewrite approved events that the fic author disliked or otherwise wished to "fix". This may refer to an authorial misstep (east.1000., "fixing" major plot holes), or simply to a tragic event or ending (for instance, "everyone lives" alternate universes). Fix-it fic that focuses on correcting flaws in the original work is as well called "rebuild fic", named for the Rebuild of Evangelion series; if information technology focuses heavily on disquisitional thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it tin can be considered a "rationalist rewrite", as popularized by Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality.

Fluff [edit]

"Feel good" fan fiction designed to be emphatically happy and uplifting. The plot is often less relevant in these works, as the master focus is to be cheerful. WAFF, brusque for "warm and fuzzy feelings", is another term for this genre.[28]

Hurt/comfort [edit]

A story in which a grapheme is put through a traumatizing feel in order to be comforted.[29] The climax of these stories is often when one character witnesses another grapheme'due south suffering and typically alleviates it; however, a variation that prioritizes focus on the character'southward suffering (their "hurt"), sometimes to the exclusion of "comfort", is referred to equally "whump".[30] Excessive whump may besides be considered darkfic.[31]

Self-insert [edit]

A genre of fan fiction in which a version of the writer is transported to, or discovers they are within, the world that the fan fiction is based on. Virtually always written in the outset person.

Multicross cocky-insert [edit]

Instead of a single fictional universe, the inserted author is taken to many in a row, and must usually solve some problems or complete some challenges in each place before moving on. Gaining new powers and occasionally companions from each earth is common.

Recursive | meta | fan-verse [edit]

Occasionally, a fan fiction will obtain enough popularity to inspire readers to write fan fiction based on that fic. On the Annal Of Our Ain, this kind of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix".[32]

Songfic [edit]

Songfic, likewise known as song fic or song-fic, is a genre of fan fiction that features a fictional work interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song.[33] [34] The term is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, one might also see the genre referred to equally "songfiction". Every bit many lyrics are under copyright, whether songfics are a violation of that copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction websites, such as FanFiction.Cyberspace, have barred authors from posting songfics with lyrics outside the public domain.[35]

In an essay in Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Academy of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the least distinguished modes of fan product" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed every bit immature and derivative".[36]

Vent [edit]

Vent fic refers to literature written by an author under duress or for therapeutic purposes, normally to calm themselves post-obit a stressful or upsetting situation.

Terminology [edit]

[edit]

An abbreviation of "author'south note". Author's notes can be written at any betoken during a fan fiction (in some cases interrupting the flow of the piece by appearing within the body of a fan fiction), but are typically found direct before the beginning of a fan fiction or afterward it has concluded, and also at the starts or ends of capacity if the story is updated periodically. A/Ns are used to convey direct messages from the author to the reader regarding the piece.[37] This term has fallen somewhat out of utilize.

Catechism [edit]

Canon is the original story. This ways anything related to the original source including the plot, settings, and character developments.[37]

Disclaimer [edit]

Disclaimers are author'due south notes typically informing readers about who deserves credit for the original source material,[38] and frequently containing pseudo-legal language disavowing any intent of copyright infringement or alluding to off-white use. Such "disclaimers" are legally ineffective and based on misunderstandings of copyright police, particularly defoliation between illegal copyright infringement and unethical plagiarism.[39] Disclaimers have fallen out of use since the Archive of Our Own rose in popularity.

Drabble [edit]

A form of flash fiction writing also popular outside of fan fiction, a drabble is typically a slice of writing that is just 100 words.[forty]

Fandom [edit]

A fandom is a group of fans of a particular work of fiction (e.g. novel, motion picture, television prove or video game). Members of a fandom are typically interested in even small details of the plot/characters of their fandom and oftentimes spend a significant portion of their time and energy involved with their involvement, that is why most fan fictions are written by members of a particular fandom(s).

Fangirl/fanboy [edit]

An individual who is an extremely enthusiastic member of one or more than fandoms. Furthermore, the term fangirling/fanboying refers to a moment where a person gets excited virtually a fandom.

Fanon [edit]

Fanon (portmanteau of fan and canon) is an "unofficial canon" thought that is widely believed to be true among fans, only is neither unconfirmed nor officially endorsed by the original writer or source creator, preventing it from beingness labeled every bit canon. Fanon may refer to a whole interpretation of the original piece of work, or specific details within it.

Headcanon (HC) [edit]

Headcanon is a fan'south personal, idiosyncratic interpretation of catechism, such every bit the backstory of a character, or the nature of relationships between characters. Information technology may represent a teasing out of subtext present in the catechism, only it cannot straight contradict catechism. If many other fans share this interpretation, it may become fanon.

Mary Sue [edit]

Also of note is the concept of the "Mary Sue" (occasionally "MS"), a term credited as originating in Star Trek fan fiction that has crossed over to the mainstream, at to the lowest degree among editors and writers. In early Expedition fan fiction, a common plot was that of a minor fellow member of the USS Enterprise 's coiffure saving the life of Helm Kirk or Mister Spock, ofttimes existence rewarded with a sexual human relationship as a effect. The term "Mary Sue", originating in a parody of stories in this wish fulfillment genre, thus tends to refer to an idealized or overpowered character lacking flaws, often taken to represent the author.[41]

One true pairing (OTP) [edit]

An abridgement of the term "i truthful pairing", where the author or reader ships (wishes for a romantic human relationship between) sure characters from a fandom. Additionally, OTPs are too subsetted every bit OT3s, which reference the reader's one true bonding with three people; this number can be inverse to refer to a larger bonding of people.

I shot [edit]

A single slice of writing, as opposed to a multichapter work, that can exist of any length. May also accept sequel works, while still being a one shot.[42]

Real person fiction (RPF) [edit]

Fan fiction-style works that tell stories about existent people, usually celebrities, instead of fictional characters. The volume After by Anna Todd, later adapted into a film of the same proper name, was originally a real person fan fiction about One Management member Harry Styles.

Self-insert (SI) [edit]

An abbreviation of self-insert, usually referring to either a story in the eponymous genre or to the author's avatar within i.

Shipping [edit]

Shipping is a variant of romance focused on exploring a relationship between 2 or more characters from the original fandom(s). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, chief among which are slash (which focuses on homosexual pairings, usually of the male person diversity) and femslash (aforementioned equally slash, just exclusively female/female). In another context, the term "shipping" inside the community may mean that a fan is heavily invested in a relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction often apply the genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in (or not specified as being in; see queerbaiting) homosexual relationships in the catechism work.[43] A subcategory of this, depicting romantic couples in mundane domestic situations (such as picking out curtains), was previously chosen "curtainfic", though the term has fallen somewhat out of apply.

Smut [edit]

Smut, also chosen porn and (rarely) erotica, is sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction; this could refer to a pocket-size portion of a story, or its entirety. Historically, the terms "lemon" (i.e. explicit pornography) and "lime" (i.east. sexually suggestive works) were euphemisms used to allude to explicit textile. They were in common use in the 2000s, and roughshod into disuse before resurging in Dec 2018 due to Tumblr'southward censorship on adult content. The apply of the terms lemon and lime permit writers to circumnavigate the "explicit terminologies" that may get work flagged by platforms similar Tumblr, while however tagging their piece of work as explicit for their readership.

Trigger warning (TW) [edit]

Trigger warnings are intended to warn people of content in fan fictions that could be harmful or "triggering" to those who have dealt with traumatic situations. Fan fiction is often tagged using various TWs then that readers may prepare for or avoid sure content. Sometimes CW, an abridgement of "content warning", is used, either instead of or in improver to a TW.

Trigger warnings are usually inserted when the subject matter of a slice of work deals with things issues like drug abuse, mental disease, corruption, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has notably codification a system of mutual warnings into its cadre tags,[44] requiring authors to either disclose or explicitly choose not to disembalm if their work contains graphic violence, major character expiry, rape, or underage sexual activity.

Interactivity in the online era [edit]

Reviews can exist given past both anonymous and registered users of most sites, and sites are oftentimes programmed to notify the author of new feedback, making them a mutual fashion for readers and authors online to communicate directly.[45] This system is intended for a type of bail between the reader and the author, besides as helping the writer ameliorate their writing skills through constructive criticism, enabling them to produce a ameliorate piece of work next time.[46] [ unreliable source? ] Occasionally, unmoderated review systems are driveling to send flames, spam, or trolling messages. As a result, the writer of the story can either disable or enable anonymous reviews, depending on their preference. Net fan fiction allows young writers access to a wider audition for their literary efforts than ever before, resulting in improved literacy.[47]

There are other means that fandom members may participate in their fandom customs such as gift exchanges [48] or fic exchanges. A gift exchange is an organized challenge in which participants create fan fiction specifically for other participants. They may research what the user receiving their gift enjoys or submissions may include a Beloved Creator Letter [49] explaining exactly what the receiver wants or does not want. Awards may even be given at the terminate of a gift/fic exchange to recognize particularly well-written or enjoyable contributions to the exchange.

Legality [edit]

There is ongoing debate virtually to what extent fan fiction is permitted under contemporary copyright law.

Some argue that fan fiction does not fall under fair use, every bit it is derivative work.[50] [51] The 2009 ruling by Usa District Court Judge Deborah A. Batts, permanently prohibiting publication in the The states of a book by Ryan Cassidy, a Swedish writer whose protagonist is a 76-year-erstwhile version of Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye, may exist seen as upholding this position regarding publishing fan fiction, equally the gauge stated, "To the extent Defendants fence that 60 Years and the character of Mr. C direct parodied annotate or criticism at Catcher or Holden Caulfield, every bit opposed to Salinger himself, the Court finds such contentions to exist post-hoc rationalizations employed through vague generalizations near the alleged naivety of the original, rather than reasonably perceivable parody."[52]

Others such as the Organisation for Transformative Works uphold the legality of non-profit fan fiction under the fair use doctrine, as it is a creative, transformative process.[53]

In 1981, Lucasfilm Ltd. sent out a letter to several fanzine publishers, asserting Lucasfilm'southward copyright to all Star Wars characters and insisting that no fanzine publish pornography. The letter too alluded to possible legal action that could exist taken against fanzines that did not comply.[54]

The Harry Potter Lexicon is one case where the encyclopedia-similar website about everything in the Harry Potter series moved towards publishing and commercializing the Lexicon as a supplementary and complementary source of information to the series. Rowling and her publishers levied a lawsuit against the website creator, Steven Vander Ark, and the publishing company, RDR Books, for a alienation of copyright. While the lawsuit did conclude in Vander Ark's favor, the master issue in contention was the majority of the Lexicon copied a majority of the Series' material and does non transform enough of the fabric to be held separately from the serial itself.[55]

While the HP Lexicon example is an instance of Western civilisation treatment of fan fiction and copyright police, in Mainland china, Harry Potter fan fiction is less addressed in legal conflicts but is used as a cultural and educational tool betwixt Western and Chinese cultures. More than specifically, while there are a number of "fake" Harry Potter books in China, most of these books are said to be addressing concepts and issues establish in Chinese culture. This transformative usage of Harry Potter in fan fiction is allegedly from the want to raise and express value to Chinese tradition and culture.[56]

Some prominent authors have given their blessings to fan fiction, notably J.G. Rowling. By 2014, there were already almost 750,000 Harry Potter fan stories on the web, ranging from short stories to novel-length tomes.[57] Rowling said she was "flattered" that people wanted to write their own stories based on her fictional characters.[58] Similarly, Stephenie Meyer has put links on her website to fan fiction sites nearly her characters from the Twilight series.[59] The 50 Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen proper name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The slice featured characters named later on Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan.[60] [61]

However, in 2003, a British law business firm representing J.K. Rowling and Warner Bros. sent a letter to webmasters requesting that adult Harry Potter fan fiction ("stories containing graphically violent and sexual content") exist removed from a prominent fan fiction website, citing concerns that children might stumble upon the illicit content. In response, the webmasters from several websites hosting adult Harry Potter fan fiction, amongst other types of fan fiction, "made claims of 'fair use' and nonprofessional condition" to justify their right to continue hosting the developed content.[62]

As an instance of changing views on the subject, author Orson Scott Bill of fare (best known for the Ender's Game serial) one time stated on his website, "to write fiction using my characters is morally identical to moving into my house without invitation and throwing out my family." He inverse his mind completely and since has assisted fan fiction contests, arguing to the Wall Street Journal that "Every piece of fan fiction is an advert for my book. What kind of idiot would I exist to want that to disappear?"[63]

However, Anne Rice has consistently and aggressively prevented fan fiction based on any of her fictional characters (more often than not those from her famous Interview with the Vampire and its sequels in The Vampire Chronicles). She, along with Anne McCaffrey (whose stance has been changed by her son, Todd McCaffrey, since her death) and Raymond Feist, have asked to take any fiction related to their series removed from FanFiction.Cyberspace.[58] George R.R. Martin is also strongly opposed to fan fiction, believing it to be copyright infringement and a bad practise for aspiring writers.[64] [65] Sharon Lee and Steve Miller, creators of the Liaden universe, strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe, with Lee saying that "Nobody else is going to get it right. This may sound rude and elitist, merely honestly, information technology's not easy for us to get it right sometimes, and we've been living with these characters ... for a very long time."[66]

See as well [edit]

  • Canon (fiction)
  • Collaborative fiction
  • Virtual season
  • Fandom
  • Parallel novel
  • Pastiche
  • Revisionism (fictional)

References [edit]

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Farther reading [edit]

  • Black, R. (2008). Adolescents and Online Fan Fiction. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Coppa, Francesca (2017). The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age. University of Michigan Press.
  • Jamison, Anne (2013). Fic: Why Fan Fiction is Taking Over the Globe. Dallas, Tx: Smart Pop. ISBN 978-1-939529-nineteen-0.
  • Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90571-0.
  • Larsen, Katherine & Zubernis, Lynn eds. (2012). Fan Civilization: Theory / Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Lawrence, One thousand. F. (2007). The Web of Community Trust - Amateur Fiction Online: A Case Study in Customs-Focused Design for the Semantic Web. Ph.D. thesis, Academy of Southampton. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
  • Orr, David (October 3, 2004). "Where to Discover Digital Lit". The New York Times.
  • Pugh, Sheenagh (2005). The Democratic Genre: Fan Fiction in a Literary Context. Bridgend, Wales: Seren. ISBN 1-85411-399-ii.
  • Grossman, Lev (July vii, 2011). "The Boy Who Lived Forever". Time.
  • Hellekson, Karen & Busse, Kristina, eds. (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa Metropolis: The University of Iowa Printing.
  • ————— ( 2006). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., ISBN 0-7864-2640-3.
  • Lipton, Shana Ting (February 13, 2015). "How 50 Shades Is Dominating the Literary Scene". Vanity Fair.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Fan fiction at Wikimedia Commons
  • "Quentin Tarantino's Star Wars?: Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Civilisation"—Henry Jenkins on fan fiction

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction

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